Tuesday, December 22. 2009Has Comelec failed to meet its own poll automation schedule?
If one were to judge how the Comelec is doing on automation based on its original schedule of activities, Comelec would be turning in a failing performance.
According to that schedule, delivery of the PCOS – the Precinct Count Optical Scanner – machines and the systems should have taken place between Nov. 11 and Nov. 16; the testing of these systems and machines should have started on Nov. 17; the field test should have taken place on Nov. 25, and if a second field test had been deemed necessary, it should have taken place by Dec. 5, so that Mock Elections could have been held on Dec. 12. That was the original schedule. And none of those events have taken place as yet. Of course, we know why: problems among the contractors delayed the approval and signing of the contract, and the notice to proceed was delayed by one and a half months. So, the Comelec prepared a revised timeline last Oct. 10, which is posted on its website. How is it doing, if we use this timeline as a basis for judgment? I'm afraid, not so good either. According to that schedule, delivery of 12,000 PCOS machines should have taken place by last month, and 30,000 machines this month. Instead, after two pilot runs conducted between October 15 and Nov 14, a "pre-production" run produced 120 units, and 100 of them, which will be used as training units, will be delivered "soon" (this from an email dated Nov. 26). But the Comelec is apparently still sanguine. Per the ICT consultant, production would have started in earnest at the beginning of this month, and the factory in China is capable of producing 3,000 machines per shift per day –supposedly 10 minutes to produce a machine. But then the picture is spoiled when he also says that 83,000 PCOS will be produced in less than 60 days. Less than 60 days? Can we do the arithmetic? If 3,000 machines can be produced per shift, then it should take either slightly more than nine days to slightly less than 14 days to produce 83 thousand units, depending on whether two or three shifts a day are being used. You know, even if only one shift were employed, it would take slightly more than 27 days! So why are they talking less than 60 days? Unless of course, they expect a very large rejection rate as far as quality control is concerned. Or, the ICT consultant cannot do simple arithmetic. Either way, I am not reassured. Unfortunately the Comelec and its partners have become very defensive, and tend to label people who ask questions as obstructionist and sourgraping – as if we don't want automated elections to succeed. Of course we do. But the higher priority is that the elections itself must succeed – whether automated or not. So at the risk of being called obstructionist, there are some very important questions that must be asked the Comelec: Number 1: Given the delays in the automated election system, at what point in time is Comelec going to evaluate whether complete automation can no longer be achieved, and fall back on Plan B? And what is Plan B? Even assuming that the automated election system pushes through, there are many more ways in which cheating can take place. Therefore, what is Comelec doing about implementing the safeguards that it promised, and the safeguards provided for in the election law (RA 9369). Let me just name a few of these safeguards: a) RA 9369 provides that "Once an AES or automated election system technology is selected for implementation, the Commission shall promptly make the source code of that technology available and open to any interested political party or groups which may conduct their own review thereof." What is so important about a source code? Well, it is the set of instructions to the computer on its basic operations and on what to do with the election data in accordance with Philippine election laws. Who gives the instructions? The programmer, provided by Smartmatic. That's why those instructions should be subject to review. b) another safeguard provided by RA 9369 is a random manual precinct audit – the election results of one precinct chosen at random in each congressional district will be tallied manually to validate the machine tally. And if there is a discrepancy (possibly indicating that the machine had been tampered with), that would signal that the rest of the precincts should be tallied manually too something is wrong. There are other safeguards, this time promised by Comelec: that the PCOS would provide a voter verified paper trail so that the voter could be assured that his vote was recorded properly; another safeguard the PCOS would be designed to inform the voter why his ballot was rejected, if it was rejected. None of these safeguards have been implemented so far. In sum, I am willing to attribute to Comelec the best of intentions. But it must also be reminded that the road to hell is paved with good intentions. Trackbacks
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i doubt it if they will,, hahaha!!
isa lang naman simpleng sagot dyan!! they are very sure that nothing will happen when the day the election comes and they are prepared for it!! lol 1st time for automation and they said everything is perfect!!! pinoy yang mga yan at sobrang doubtfull ako kung magkatotoo yang sinasabi nila!! Scripted din yan siguro para madiskaril din ang botohan at mgakaron ng dayaan kapag binalik sa manual counting...dagdag-bawas, bawas-dagdag! Hay Pinoy! at baka mauwi pa sa NOEL kapag nagkagulo!
if only COMELEC and filipino people would change the way they choice their leaders then it could saves the country billions of dollars and pesos,but up to now no one think of the easy ways,transparent ways,less expensive ways and more fastest way to determines who were the blessed people choosen by God to rules our country.
sana lang matauhan na ang masang pilipino,panahon na para ibahin ang lumang pamamaraan ng pagpili ng bagong lider ng bansa ng sa gayon hindi tayo tawagin tuta ng mga banyagang bansa,kasi kung ano ang ginagawa ng USA gaya-gaya rin ang pinas kaya resulta pinas ang pinagtatawanan ng buong mundo. panahon na para ipakita sa buong mundo na mas may magandang ideya ang pinoy kumpara sa mga bansang mayaman nga pero ang dami rin sinasayang na resources para lang sa pagpili ng kanilang magiging lider. election is a waste of time money and life of the people. wake-up filipinos! ang tatanga talaga ng pilipino,biruin nyo sa pagpili lang ng kanilang magiging lider gagastos ng ilan daan bilyon peso para payamanin ang mga bansang gagawa ng mga makinang gagamitin sa kanilang gagawin botohan,pilit ginagaya ang USA,hoy mga tangang kawani ng COMELEC ang USA kaya nilang gumawa ng sarili nilang mga automated machine kaya hindi nila kailangan mag-angkat nito mula sa ibang bansa dahil kayang-kaya ng mga kano ang gumawa ng naturang makina,ang hirap sa mga pilipino kahit hindi kayang pantayan ay pilit ginagaya ang style ng USA kesehodang masaid ang laman ng kaban ng bayan.
ang masaya sa gagawin eleksyon ang Tsina,SK,Taiwan atbp bansang gagawa ng mga makina dahil sila ang kikita ng malaki at Pilipinas ang mamumulubi sa kababayad utang sa mga wala naman kwentang makina pagkatapos ng eleksyon o hindi pa man tapos ang eleksyon sira na at kakalawangin na ang mga makinang yan. automated poll machines is a waste of resources,time and life of filipino people. mabuti pa ang mga intsik,maayos na ang buhay,ang mga pilipino walang matirhan,walang makain at walang trabaho dahil sa katangahan ng mga nasa gobyernong madali mauto ng mga dayuhan. Yan ang tinatawag na DEMOCRAZY! Magastos, magulo, masalimuot, lahat na nandiyan!
Walang originality talaga ang Pinoy, kahit sa pananamit, singer(magsisisigaw lang singer na), idolohiya, lahat na gaya lang sa ibang bansa! I just would like to ask your opinion about people campaigning for public office in the philippines handing out gifts of some sort in albay province, specifically, to those residents around mayon volcano.
One of these political leasers "wannabee" is richard gordon who happened to be the chairman of the philippine red cross distributing bags of food to people in albay, i noticed that the bags he was handing out have the markings of the red cross stamped on it. My question was, doesn't that preclude "conflict of interest" with his position as chairman of the phil red cross and at the same time campaigning for public office? My opinion was that he is literally using the office of the phil red cross for his own political interests. People around in the area may not noticed this, having taken into consideration that most or the majority of them are "farmers". This is the thing that i find disheartening, in times of chaos such as this one, you could almost predict what those people campaigning for public office would do. Right? in other words, give them what they want for now, but, at the same time, make sure that every bag of goodies that you give them has your name "stamped on it". How pathetic! and make sure that they "hyped" the situation a tad more. Oh yeah, bring in those "screen stars" (as you call them) and set up a little stage to entertain them so that they would be able to forget, at least for now, that they don't have a place to stay, there wouldn't be any "food distribution right after election day". And the other one that was really disturbing to see in the news from manila, was seeing those families who have lost their houses during a fire in pasay city taking refuged on a highway amid the traffic congestion around them. Meanwhile, they were holding a parade of their favorite movie stars at dewy boulevard. Maybe, i was just seeing things for now. I hope that people in manila would begin to understand the difference between "fantasy" and realism at this point and time. And get your priorities straighten out before it gets to far ahead of yourself. Just a thought. P.S. have a nice and safe holidays! and watch those people who will burn your house for the sake of "realty development". Did any one ever noticed that, when election time is coming to a conclusion, almost always, "residential fires" of some sort happens all the time? especially in manila and the surrounding suburbs?
We are not even close to the month of april when these fires should have been around. One of the tricks of the marcos's era, burn their houses, make them miserable, then, come in for the "kill". When i made mentioned the word "kill", i meant, giving the people a little bit of what they want for now, promised them good days are coming to them, only if, they would vote for you. Thee you folks! another one for revelation! This has been suggested to ver during the marco's days, and ver thought that this suggestion was absolute "brilliant"!. The time when ver was the director of nisa (national intelligence and security authority) and at the same time chief of the psc (presidential security command). And it does worked like a charm, mind you. When this writer, which is mmhuua! made mentioned of the fact that there was a time that, the psc has to do something to make it appear that there was really an imminent threat on the life of the president, and that the "communist), which is kind of hilarious, was able to bring in a van with a "sniper" in it, was discovered, and presumably arrested the culprit was nothing but a "hoax", several months after, enrile himself played this scenario in front of cameras while being interviewed by gmanews that this was true indeed. It has been common practice that, before election time, you have to staged "fear" to the people, then nurtured that fear and used that for your own f,,ng selfish political reason. There you go folks! fear 101. Ask enrile, he'll be able to tell you on how far he participated on this one. Just a thought. correction on the 2nd paragraph, line one
"leaser" should spell "leader", thank you its how everything works in RP,especially comes election times.
but somehow,i am thankul they visit evacuees and dole outs some reliefs good though its only good for a few days. wouldn´t it be effective if instead of giving them reliefs goods they just give them cash money so they can live with their relatives living in safety zone. why the gov´t has to shoulder every evacuee needs,are those evacues ever think of spending their miserables times in their relatives far from danger zone at least before they were forced toleave their houses,or they like to wait for the gov´t to provides them a safe place to live at,as it is the sole responsibility of the gov´t to secures their safety...but not their daily needs like foods,medicines,clothing. and for those lost houses on fire,do they have no relatives to run into at? ínstead of giving relief goods why not just give each victim some cash money so they won´t be a big burden for their relatives that willing to share their houses with them. most of those people has friends and relatives they can seek shelter at but would rather slept on the street,wait for gov´t to help them get out of their misery instead of asking help from their relatives. Christmas means giving,helping and loving one another but so many people using Christmas for gains. politicians will do anything to win the heart of voters that is their main business,but if COMELEC change its style for searching for a good leader to lead this crazy hardheaded citizen of the republic i don´t think we would ever see one politician playing good samaritan in any of the said affected areas. Gordon could be a good president as far as political will is concerned. Villar could house all those homeless and built appropriates homes before demolizing shanties. Noynoy could give his land for the landless families living in slum especially those in Metro Manila. Bro.Eddie could built many JIS churches to house all homeless families. Perlas could cultivates more pearl as main export business for filipinos so they will no longer go abroad to be an OFW. Erap,could encourages more filipinos to get drunk(forget their misery)bet on jueteng to find out if they were the lucky winner of the draw and of course becomes womanizer to boast being man enough. JC delos Reyes,can makes more cement blocks to makes every filipino house concrete that way their house won´t fly just by few blows of wind. anything else? Hi Winnie,
I agree with your rating of Comelec re: Automated Election and its Schedule. They are really lagging behind, that is, in the delivery of PCOS units and even in ballot printing. Comelec is supposed to print one million ballots for testing and up to now, it has failed to do so. I doubt very much if Comelec and even the winning bidder are competent to implement automated elections. With the delays in both equipment, software development and ballot printing, how could we expect a successful implementation of the automated elections system? We ought to consider Plan B - manual counting of ballots. Failure of the automated elections system means failure of elections if plan B is not implemented. More Power to you, Mam Winnie. Ang problema sa mga pinoy mahilig sa fantasy movie, kaya lahat ng kanilang project eh is like a fantasy dream and suddenly bigla na lang magigising na nanghihinayang kasi panaginip lang pala.....tsk..tsk...tsk sayang!
Just like this coming election 2010 sa pagpili ng iboboto ganun din ang mga pinoy parang pelikula naman lagi na lang hangang hanga sa bida kasi siya ang tagapag-ligtas ng mga mahihirap at naaapi. Kaya nga iyang mga bida sa pelikula kapag kumandidato malaki ang tsansa na manalo, bakit? eh kasi mas marami ang mahihirap sa Pilipinas!!! MERRY CHRISTMAS EVERYONE!!!!
H'wag po natin kalimutan, sana kabisado ito ng mga nannungkulang sa gobyerno ng sa gayon bumuti ang pilipinas, dahil kung alam nila ang panatang makabayan I'm sure mararamdaman nila ang damdamin ng bawat pilipino.
"Panatang Makabayan" Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas Aking lupang sinilangan tahanan ng aking lahi "kinukupkop ako at tinutulungan" "Maging malakas, masipag at marangal" Dahil mahal ko ang Pilipinas Diringgin ko ang payo Ng aking magulang Susundin ko ang tuntunin ng paaralan Tutupari ko ang tungkulin Ng mamamayang makabayan "Naglilingkod, nag-aaral at nagdarasal" Ng buong katapatan Iaalay ko ang aking buhay Pangarap, Pagsisikap sa bansang Pilipinas Maraming Salamat po! mahal kong mga kababayan. kuya mali ang Panatang Makabayan mo,
ito ang tama, Panatang Makabayan Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas, Ito ang tahanan ng aking lahi, Akoý kanyang kinukupkop at tinutulungan Upang maging malusog,maligaya at kapakipakinabang. Bilang ganti diringgin ko Ang payo ng aking mga magulang Susundin ko ang mga alituntunin Ng aming paaralan,paglilingkuran ko Ang aking Bayan ng walang pag-iimbot At ng buong katapatan,sisikapin kong Maging isang tunay na pilipina/pilipino Sa isip,sa puso,sa salita at sa gawa. Mabuhay ang Pilipinas! ai dyaskeng bata ire 22ruan pa ako, ine may bago na version ngayon ng panatang makabayan, may email add ka ba? minsan YM tayo hohoho... ;=) nag mmahal sa'yo este sa bayan lolo jose.
Isnt it obvious the comelec is deliberately limiting the number of voters by making the process of voter registration difficult. However, I dont see anybody from columnists or opposition complaining. It is also obvious that the youth who are new voters would likely vote against the administration candidates. Parang walang nakapnsin this kind of cheating
Balangkas ng Pagbabago
Ang mga pangunahing balakid kung bakit naghihirap sa buhay ang ating mga kababayan at hindi umuunlad ang ating bansa ay ang mga sumusunod: 1 Kulang ang inaani nating palay kaya umaangkat tayo ng bigas sa ibang bansa. Dahil dito, tumataas ang presyo nito at hindi na kayang bilhin ng ating mga maralitang kababayang kung kaya’t nagkakagutom na sila. 2 Kawalan ng pagasang makakaahon pa sa kahirapan ang mga maralita nating kababayan dahil kinamkam na ng ilang mayayaman o may kapangyarihan ang halos lahat ng yaman sa ating bansa. 3 Kakulangan ng trabaho sa ating bansa ang dahilan kung bakit marami sa ating mga maralitang kababayan ang umaalis upang humanap ng trabaho saan man sa mundo at hindi inaalintana kung sila ay babalik pa na buhay. 4 Laganap ang krimen sa buong bansa dahil sa walang mabuting trabajo upang itawid sa gutom o kaya’y itakip sa mahigpit na pangangailangan ng sarile o ng pamilya. 5 Ang karamihan ng mga rebelde sa Mindanao ay ipinaglalaban na mabawi ang mga lupaing dati rati ay kanila ngunit ngayon ay pagaari na ng iba, o kaya’y naghihimagsik dahil walang makamit na hustisya ang kanilang kaapihan. Ang ugat ng lahat ng ito ay ang masamang pamamalakad ng ating gobiyerno na pinamumunuan ng mga taong walang malasakit sa mga mahihirap at pagmamahal sa bayan. Wala silang hinangad kundi nakawin ang kayamanan ng bansa sa ano mang paraan at magpasasa sa kanilang kinaluluklukan sa pamahalaan. Hindi nila inaalintana ang mga kababayan nating nagugutom, may karamdamang hindi mapagamot, hikahos sa buhay dahil walang trabaho, inapi at nilabag ang karapatan ngunit walang katarungan, at higit sa lahat, ang kawalan ng pagasa na bubuti pa ang buhay dito sa ating bansa. Salamat na lamang at may eleksiyon sa 2010, at ito na marahil ang ating pagasa na maituwid and lahat ng baluktot sa ating pamahalaan at lipunan. Sana naging aral na sa ating mga kababayan ang walang patumanggang paghalal ng kahit na sinong hindi sinuri and lubos na pagkatao at karanasan. Sa darating na halalan ay piliin natin ang taong pinaniniwalaan nating maglilingkod ng tapat sa bayan at hindi mananamantala sa pamahalaan. Ang mga balakid na ating nararanasan sa ngayon ay madaling malulunasan kung ang mga mahahalal na pamunuan sa darating na eleksiyon ay mga taong may malinis na budhi, tapat manungkulan, hindi magnanakaw ng kahit isang kusing, may sapat na dunong at karanasan, at hindi madidiktahan ng sinoman. Ang dapat na unahin ng bagong pamunuan ay ang sumusunod na pagbabago: Una: Gumawa ng bagong batas na magtatakda na ang bawat pamilya o samahan sa bansa ay maaring magari ng tatlong hectariang lupang-sakahin lamang, at ang sosobra doon ay kukunin ng pamahalaan matapos bayaran ito sa mayari ng lupa sa halagang umiiral sa lugar na iyon. Pangalawa: Lahat ng lupain na malilikum ng gobiyerno sa mga dating mayari nito, at pati na rin ang lahat ng lupaing-sakahin na pagaari ng gobiyerno ay ipamimigay sa mga pamilyang walang lupa sa tasang dalawang hectaria bawat pamilya at ito ay titituluhan sa ngalan ng bagong mayari. Kung nais ng pagbibigyan ng lupa ay maari pa rin silang pautangin ng pamahalaan ng halagang ipagpapagawa ng dampa na titirahan nila at pambili ng kalabaw at gamit sa pagsasaka. Pangatlo: Bilang kapalit ng libreng lupa ay mangangako ang bibigyan ng lupa na gagampanan niya na sakahin ang lupa, magtanimj ng mga gulay, at magalaga ng mga hayop na maaring makaragdag sa kanilang kikitain upang mapabuti ang kanilang buhay, at sa sandaling mapatunayan ng pamahalaan na nagpabaya siya sa tungkuling ito ay babawiin ng pamahalaan ang lupa upang ibigay naman sa ibang pamilya na nais magsaka. Pangapat: Ang lupang ipamimigay ay doon sa lugar o lalawigan kung saan ipinaganak ang ama o ina ng pamilya o kung saan makakabuti ito sa kapakanan ng bayan. Ito ay kailangan upang hindi maging siksikan ang mga naninirahan sa mga lunsod at mga bayang marami nang naninirahan. Panglima: Baguhin ang sistema ng paniningil sa buwis upang maiwasan ang malawakang pagkawala nito sa kamay ng mga naniningil at sa pandaraya ng mga negosyante. Sa halip nito ay ipataw ang buwis na sampong purciento (10%) sa halaga ng lahat ng bagay na ililipat ang pagaari sa iba. Halimbawa: benta ng kalakal sa loob at labas ng bansa, hango ng kalakal buhat sa ibang bansa, suweldo, kumisiyon, abuloy, renta, at iba pa. Ito ay madaling kuwentahin, at mahirap dayain, at mas malaki ang malilikum ng gobiyerno kaysa umiiral na sistema. Kung maisakatuparan na ng gobiyerno ang ng ito ay makakaranas na ng milking ginhawa sa buhay ang mga maralita nating kababayan at makakausad na muli sa pagunlad and ating bansa tulad ng mga sumusunod: 1 Magiging sagana na sa palay, gulay, at iba pang pagkain ang ating bansa kung kaya’t wala nang magugutom, at kung sobra man ang aanihin ay maari nating ipagbili sa ibang bansa. 2 Kung gaano karaming hectaria ng lupa ang ipamimigay sa mga pamilyang walang lupa, kalahati ng bilang nito ang pamilyang mahahango sa hairpin, at hindi na magbabalak pang umalis upang humanap ng trabaho sa ibang bansa. 3 Mababawasan na rin ang krimen dahil lahat ng mga taong bibigyan ng sariling lupa ay magiging abala na sa pagsasaka. Ang matitirang pamilya na hindi mabibigyan ng lupa ay madali nang makakita ng trabaho na iiwanan ng mga nabigyan ng lupa. 4 Maging ang mga taong pinaghahanap ng batas tulad ng mga NPA, MILF, Abu-Sayyap, at iba pang kriminal ay susuko na sa pamahalaan dahil ang mga dahilan o layunin na kanilang ipinaglalaban ay tinutupad na ng gobiyerno. Ito po ang mga pangunahing pagbabago na dapat gawin ng bagong pamunuan upang malunasan ang umiiral na kahirapan at ligalig sa ating bansa. Kaalinsabay po nito ay maaring na ring harapin ng panunuan ang pagunlad ng bansa, halimbawa: Dahil mawawala na ang ligalig sa bansa, madali nang hikayatin ang mga banyaga na maglagay ng negosyo dito sa ating bansa ng sa gayo’y madagdagan ang kita ng pamahalaan at magbigay pa ng trabaho sa ating mga kabataan; Pagyamanin po ang lahat ng “tourist spots” sa ating bansa ng tulad sa mga pangunahing bakasyunan sa ibang bansa upang dayuhin tayo ng mga turista saan mang sulok ng mundo. Magdudulot ito ng malaking kita para sa mga negosyante natin at mga trabaho naman sa ating mga kababayan; Isaayos po ang “structure” ng lahat ng opisina ng pamahalaan sa buong bansa na sobra sa tao at walang sistema ang pamamalakad upang makatipid sa suweldo at mapabuti pa ang paglilingkod sa mga mamamayan; Dagdagan po ang bilang at suweldo ng mga sundalo, pulis at mga nagtuturo (teachers) sa mga paaralan sapagkat hindi po sapat ang kanilang kinikita upang ibuhos nila ang kanilang kakayahan sa paglilingkod ng tapat sa bayan. Magtayo ng sapat na bahay-paaralan sa lahat ng purok sa bansa upang lahat ng bata ay makapagaral. Ang lahat po ng puwesto na may maselang tungkulin sa pamahalaan (tulad ng mga justices, judges, chief of police, commisioners, at iba pa) ay dapat hinahalal ng taong bayan tulad ng ginagawa sa America at hindi inaappoint lamang ng sino man upang sa gayo‘y ang utang na loob nila ay sa bayan at hindi sa tao o samahang naglagay sa kanila sa puwesto. Itigil na ang pagbibigay ng “pork barrel“ at sa halip nito ay magtatag ng isang kumisyon na binubuo nang lahat ng kabinete ng Pangulo na siyang magtatakda kung ano ang higit na kailangan at kung magkano ang dapat gugulin sa bawat proyecto na batay sa kahilingan ng mga alcalde ng bayan at mga gobernador ng lalawigan. At bilang pangwakas, sana ay lansagin na ang mababang kapulungan ng kongreso dahil wala pong mabuting kinahihinatnan ang kanilang pananatili at lumalaki lamang ang gastusin ng gobiyerno. At sa halip nito ay dagdagan na lamang ang bilang ng mga senador upang nang ang bawat lalawigan ay may isang senador na magiging kinatawan nito at karagdagan tungkulin sa paggawa ng batas. Kailangan pong lahat ng maaring tipirin sa pamahalaan ay ipatupad ng sa gayo’y madagdagan ang biyayang ibibigay sa ating mga kababayan at mipabilis ang pagunlad ang ating bansa. PEDRO ALBEA PeteandCel@aol.com Ganun talaga. Marami pa kasing gusto mandaya. Tsk tsk tsk...
Sana naman magbago na itong mga pulitikong umaasa lang sa pandaraya sa eleksyon.
the automated election will push thru. lahat tayo ang inaaalala e yung hacking isa lang yun sa problema pero paano kung ang computer mismo ang may sariling program na yung null o void na vote e ma counted sa isang politiko? it's posible! siguradong marami ang ma nonolo na boto. ang info drive ng comelec sa tv kulang at hindi klaro. malalaman ba natin during or after the election kung ilan ang mga viod na boto. irelevant na yan sasabihin nila. pero kailang natin yan malaman iyan kasi computerized na ma account natin yung results. yung turn out ng votes kung sakto, sobra o kulang. ito ang isang posibleng pandaraya sa election.
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